I.L. Roberts’ 1881 U.S. Patent 250,104 describes a machine for utilizing the power of water waves. This modular system of discrete reciprocating buoys with racks transmits torque to corresponding pinion gears mounted on common rotating axle. If general utility then developed to flourish, concurrent with early stages of electrification and 22 years after  oil was first uncovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania, perhaps would be minimal, allayed, or absent the deleterious results of subterranean fossil hydrocarbon retrieval, exploitation, and aerosolized dispensation within Earth’s biosphere. 97 years later, the OWEC® Ocean Wave Energy Converter was conceived when inflated world market prices of refined petroleum, derivatives, and dependence on oil imports were perceived deterrents to domestic sovereignty. OWEC® applies to several conventional and emerging technologies. Commercial utility of wide range may first be promoted in relatively small-scale application. Intensifying electrical demand is predicted for assisting or replacing prime charging sources of discrete marine aids to navigation audiovisual signaling, environmental monitoring instrumentation, and like installations requiring in situ electricity. Off-grid power systems and autonomous techniques are needed to supplant present electrical generation methods that depend on regeneration from land-based sources. The practice of using non-renewable fuel or battery-powered equipment, for example, requires repeated service and component replacement operations during a performance period. While solar panels have been phased in to account for more specialized requirements, clouding and salt deposition effects remain problematic over large-scale ocean deployment. Costly maintenance frequency is extensively reduced when utilizing indigenous power supply from efficient mechanisms that convert water wave hydrokinetic energy. Once deployed, wave energy conversion apparatus require no fuel or emissions retrofit. No hydrocarbon, particulates, CO, CO2, Nox, or SO2 air pollutant waste streams are generated. Electrical energy for wider commercialization supports off-grid communities or resource processing facilities such as fishery, aquaculture, and environmental restoration.  Far reaching deployment of vast OWEC® installations is anticipated to capacitate industrial activities that harmoniously utilize bounty of the world's oceans. Toward power, water, and climate management related to broad desire for using environmentally cyclable fuel, impending critical needs are satiated with large-scale water desalination/purification, resalination, and electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen gas production. Ocean Wave Energy Converter modules symbiotically function as macro electrolyzers and aerohydrators that help regulate sea level. By this form of seawater sequestration, within the hydrologic cycle, OWEC® can manage both the causes and symptoms of climate change.

Humanity's growth to over 7 billion people, at nearly 95 million per year, adds over one million people every 4 days. Predictive models conclude that 10 to 11 billion will inhabit Earth by year 2050. That may be low. Absent of humility, swelling masses of 98.6º Fahrenheit people, petroleum by-product emissions, and attendant "meaningful life activities" defer natural accountability to false economies of easy open-ended emissions practices. Some regions exhibit extreme degradation in the form of perpetual auto and stack excretions hanging in the still, 115º Fahrenheit, air. Vehicle owners cheaply obtain automotive inspection stickers without inspector scrutiny. "Interests abroad" export messy production methods to those countries with lax environmental regard. Well-documented, more understood, industry contested effects of past century combustive endeavors, effluent from more than 1 billion automotive vehicles, manufacturing process, and improperly disposed plastic flow of limited or trivial function consumables are evidenced throughout oft ill colored atmosphere, troposphere, and hydrosphere. Though discharge from specific industrialized areas relatively pale or exceed and natural seafloor oil vents contribute to the mix, overall, humanity is scraping by on hacks and coughs of a petroleum addiction that seemingly won't abate until dry reserves.

Since measurements began in 1970, genocidal worldwide hydrocarbon combustion and other deleterious by-product effluents now release up to 2 million pounds CO2 carbon dioxide per second. The abuse symptomatically contributes to CO2 expansion and hydrocarbon settlement in a gaseous greenhouse ceiling that is measurably choking the biosphere while letting in more of the sun's heat than is reflected. Earthward descending toxic particulates, runoff, and spillage adsorbed and absorbed in the hydrologic cycle are cause of worldwide 50% decline in fresh water quality and 30% decline in saltwater quality. Predicted are rampant fresh water shortages  in less than 40 years. Within specific regions, changing elements disrupt life cycles and bleach coral (also Google Earth Reefs kml layer- present, 2030, 2050 threats). Possible factors include increased ultraviolet radiation through the thinning ozone layer, climate change, and endocrine disrupting chemicals that cause deformities and interfere with reproduction. Even during relatively short-term study, estimations merit continuous revision as populations of more delicate organisms indicate accelerating debility. For example, "All amphibian biologists are now convinced that something unusual and catastrophic is happening to amphibians. We also think the amphibians are telling us humans something has happened to the habitat we share with the frogs," stated Ron Heyer of the Smithsonian Institution. "In some sites we are actually witnessing the decline as we try to study it," said Gary Fellers, a research biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Cutting into nature's subtle dance, changing global surface temperature and thermohaline trends manifest currently observable phenomena as shifting climate zones producing increased force and frequency of extreme storm weather and precipitation intensity. Floods reduce wetland acreage and expand sediment and nutrient flows causing adverse impacts on water quality, aquatic habitat, and reduced crop yields. Such climate forcing may precede eventual atmospheric dissolution leading to intolerably fast and wide climate variation.

The previous decade had the warmest years in at least 6 centuries and records continue to be broken. 2011 was tied for the coolest of the last 11 years while also tied for the tenth hottest. The 14 hottest years occurred in the last 16 years and, despite October storms, 2012 was the hottest year since records began in 1850. Arctic sea ice has shrunk to record-low volumes and summer melt is 2 weeks longer than a decade ago. Directly interfering required actions, the US Department of  the Interior plans commercial oil drilling lease expansion into new regions of the warming Arctic Ocean. Melting and displacement of approximately 14,000 square miles of land ice into the sea per year, in addition to recent large ice shelf calving, thermal expansion of oceans, and groundwater liberation, is estimated to result in raised worldwide sea levels. Latest  polar ice melt predictions range 5 foot above normal to 20 feet  after 2100. From the Arctic, alone, are attributed 1 foot rise from thermal expansion, 1 foot from glacial dissolution, and 1 foot from glacial cracks. Antarctic melt could raise global sea levels by 10 feet or more. The range of certainty will likely continue flux during coming years of increasingly anamolous patterns.

For numerous years, the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sought to qualify climate change symptoms and whether induced by human activity or natural cycles. IPCC  workshops focus on methods for estimating past and current global conditions and projecting trends. Assorted models use reference frames to apportion complicated calculations including solar radiation, global surface temperature/pressure, plant growth, carbon cycles, aerosols, salinity transport cycles, Earth rotation, and other factors such as seasonal radiative forcing by oceanic whitecaps. During participation with the 2002 workshop, and as technical reviewer, it has until recently been disheartening to witness unbalanced reporting and controversy regarding minority opinion exclusion in risk assessment techniques. Such bias compromised objective consensus documents and, despite the collective intelligence resource, possible solutions to global climate change were not then tabled. After acknowledgement of anthropogenic contributors, in wider consensus, such “calling cards” of present and projected hydrospheric processes are signals that command lasting solutions. Renewable energy implementation is required in addition to both carbon emissions reduction and sequestration. One researcher's suggestion to "build seawalls" seems basic. Recent weather events, several fantastic and expensive proposals, and persistent minority voices helped redirect IPCC in its fourth assessment to begin analyzing relatively practical climate solution scenarios. This focus resulted in currently published special reports, “Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation” and “Renewable Energy and Climate Change Mitigation”.

Whispers find louder voice for honest water accountability, the plans need revision, we are late and must sea change to the renewable hydrogen economy. The aqueous portion of our very serious dilemma is elegantly resolved when ocean water is geo-engineered for use as freshwater supply and fuel. When adequate portion of desalinated, purified water is electrolyzed to hydrogen and oxygen gases, sequestered in processes of human industry and transport, resalinated and recycled, then the problem transforms to opportunity. During 1970's, OWECO debated whether large-scale application of its  wave conversion and hydrogen producing technology would reduce sea levels. Though a minimal systems approach, the mostly submerged technology would displace at least some amount water contributing to sea level rise. For several practical reasons of efficiency, to achieve equilibrium, the answer never lay in purposely enlarging technology displacement. By 1987, OWECO optimistically perceived that rising seas of climate change could be considered a "gift" for providing hydrogen and oxygen while permitting water level stabilization.

Ensuing promotion of oxymoronic “clean coal” sin gas technology, pre-combustion, post-combustion, oxyfiring, and underground or deep-sea CO2 carbon dioxide storage heavily rely upon scrubbing and sequestration techniques for validating appearance of zero CO2 emissions. Placement in such "out of mind" regions serves to increase climate science complexity as several important factors are difficult to project and reliably monitor for specific locations. Conflicting with current land use, solutions include phased programs of widespread reforestation, and possibly afforestation, covering very large areas. However, such practice cannot replicate preternatural symbiotic environments. In like manner nuclear energy industries, including market application for clean air credit as related to greenhouse gas reduction, omit true cost of irremediable waste seepage. Plutonium or uranium enrichment and surface dispersal is intrinsically hazardous. Notions of its repose within subductive plates of Earth’s crust, in mountains, caves, oceans, or aboard space bound vessels obviate objective risk assessment of imminent consequence. Working knowledge is insufficient of active global tectonic and removed resource cavitation patterns. The most appropriate location for direct thermonuclear activity is equivalent distance between core and ground and sun (best viewed full screen- also: 2012 Sun-Venus). Ignoring true  cost, largely allayed to future generations, environmental clean up is accounted an economic contributor to Gross Domestic Product. Like wind cast bits of degraded plastic tarpaulin amongst grounded leafs in autumn woods, inability to adequately process even society’s garbage remains problematic. Interim steps to promote cellulosic ethanol and biodiesels delay our most epochal transition toward water-based fuels.

 Pichic Bay Beach at Lo Sho Shing, Lamma Island 2011- How deep?

With development of the long foretold “hydrogen economy”, the above industries continue incomplete accounting to advocate respectively based methods for segregating detrimental process effluents while producing hydrogen gas. This status began change with fallout from recent nuclear events. Immediate effacement to following generations of all life must surmount irresponsibility and manifest rapid improvements conveyed over wide basis. United Nations, World Energy Council, and others need ignore politico-geographic lines and quest to minimize border bashing, tropospheric and hydrospheric born chemical permutations of human endeavor. As natural elements, land, and water are compromised for temporary convenience, a most epochal energy-use transition is required from thriftless dispersion of permanently depletable hydrocarbon resources. In a most serious version of the "Rock-paper-scissors" game, wherein the package is more valuable than the product or formerly separable product components are united, heads in the sand must stop wanton combustion practices and disposable flow of limited use consumer "goods". Examples:

Individually Wrapped Prunes

                   Multi Pack Disposable Razor Blades/Handles 

Little Water, Little Bottles, Big Problem

As background primer, OWECO recommends full screen viewing of "Home", available in several languages. Manufacture operations need incorporate methods that reserve and recycle petroleum resources, principally, for supplying material value in beneficial or specialized application. A variety of medical or renewable energy conversion components are most suitably fabricated with certain plastics. Despite malaise, present capability imbues immediately attainable technologies to mitigate these grave problems. Industrial discovery of a repeating polylimonene carbonate polymer comprises a CO2 catalyst and limonene oxide produced from orange peel oils. Having characteristics of polystyrene, the material may form elegant CO2 sequestration application such as closed cell foam where required in buoyant vessels. Land-based solar and wind energy conversion installations also have become more widely adapted. Small-scale success promoted quantity field arrays melding with expanding population zones and naturally important areas. Industry plans of large-scale nearshore wind farms also are hampered by arising public contention for naturally clear horizon. With some reoccurrence, audiovisual impact of wind turbine tower vertical structures and avian or signal interference direct deployment toward offshore seas. There, floating structure blade clearance must extend sufficient height, above the highest wave, frequently requiring submerged counterweight of substantial cost. Any human activity or construct intrinsically changes the natural environment in which it exists. Some well-intended works, particularly constructions near land/water interface, often have detrimental effect that was not predetermined. Technological interaction requires a carefully monitored and controlled approach. Within ocean environs, onshore and nearshore littoral zones comprise biodiverse processes that are best left unhindered. OWEC® is intended for offshore and deep ocean application. Such placement, whether OWEC® systems or other, may also comprise negative or beneficial attributes. Within context of wide scale deployment, for example, prudence considers barnacle and seaweed encrustation that engender habitat change and marine life redistribution, filtering sunlight of upper layers, aerohydration manipulation, and other considerable factors. Yet, more viable opportunity for minimized perturbation lies in deeper ocean frontiers critical for continued sustentation.

The oceans cover nearly three quarters of Earth's surface with water film 139.4 million "square" miles in breadth and average depth of 2.4 miles, a delicate fraction of earth's 7,914 mile diameter. The dynamic hydrogen oxygen hydrosphere, churning toward calm of equilibrium between air, fresh precipitation, and salty evaporation, is a continually self-balancing flux agent common to celestial and terrestrial forces. Waters respond in direct synergetic reaction to impingements from asymmetric gravitational rotations of heavenly bodies coupled with climatic effects of the sun's energy upon spherical surface, subsequent flows of thermal and pressure gradients, continuous motion of winds and clouds, seismic activity, and large school movement. Its currents and eddies cause tertiary movements that merge, combine or cancel, to circulate surface disturbances over wide range of amplitude from a smallest ripple to rogues and the biggest tsunami. Primarily caused by interaction of winds with the hydroface, water wave incidence at deep ocean sites is several times the energy at adjacent coastal locations. Performance measures are characterized by oscillating low frequency energy regularly transporting unimpeded for several miles, large storm forces, and irregular variation over wide range of wave size, length, period, direction, and duration. Prevailing energetic wavescapes are generated from at least two directions of procession that form predominantly parallelogramic and triangular interference undulations. At depths below such activity, pressure and viscous shear reduce orbital, trochoidal, water particle motions to equilibrium.

Incessant troughs and crests passage over particular ocean point imbibes consistent changes in vertical distance. Given this continually operative source of fluctuating motion, all that is needed to satiate an increasing need for humanly useful energy are properly located electrical and support apparatus. Any system that harmoniously converts for use and regenerates these energies to original form may be deemed perpetual for as long a time as its apparatus is operative. Perpetual motion systems are distinct from alleged perpetual motion machines. They are comprised of interchangeable components that, if fail, are replaced with negligible effects to overall operation. Thus, friction and wear take their special case tolls without toil to a comprehensive modulated ocean wave energy conversion system.